Welcome to TiddlyWiki created by Jeremy Ruston, Copyright © 2007 UnaMesa Association
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The launch of this site. Originally to structure my own thoughts, but it functions now as a communication tool to give an update of my thesis work.
I started my thesis with a research proposal in the form of a presentation. This was done in order to join the Sustainable Development Competition, which was announced by the TU Delft board because of its 165th anniversary. The theme of this lustrum was sustainable development, with a focus on Africa.
My thesis committee consists for the time being of;
Prof.dr.ir. H.H.G. Savenije
dr. T.A. Boogaard
mrs. ir. M. Mul [[UNESCO-IHE|http://www.unesco-ihe.nl]]
April 17th
It's been a while since I updated the site for the last time, but in the meanwhile a lot has happened.
For most of the time, I was busy with the soil moisture model. The conceptual model simulates the soil moisture data from South Africa quite well. Last week I had a meeting with my supervising committee, and they were quite happy with the results. Besides some minor adjustments and the writing of the report, it's time to finalise the whole project.
Under case-study SA you can find an update of the model with the preliminary results. This part will be the fourth chapter of my report. Main conclusion is that the soil moisture behaves typically as a threshold process. In the graph of the measured and modelled soil moisture in time, you can see that this threshold lies around 85mm, which is about wilting point of the soil.
Furthermore, an article was published about my research in Delta, the weekly university student magazine. You can find it [[here|http://www.delta.tudelft.nl/nl/service/voorlichting/archief/artikel/is-het-verbouwen-van-jatropha-duurzaam/49]].
Comments are still welcome on my [[guestbook|http://users3.smartgb.com/g/g.php?a=s&i=g35-49036-f0]], and stay in touch, for the main conclusions will be drawn up soon!
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[[Welcome]]
[[June 2009]]
[[Jatropha]]
[[Main research focus]]
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Hill, J, Nelson, E, Tilman, D, Polasky, S and Tiffany, D 2006, //Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels//, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (PNAS) vol. 103, no. 30, pp. 11206-210.
''summary''
In this paper, the evaluation of ethanol from corn grain and biodiesel from soybeans is discussed with respect to environmental benefits, economically competitiveness and food security. A positive [[NEB]] for the two biofuels is generated. Despite the expensive system boundaries for energy inputs, the two biofuels yield more energy than they require (ethanol 25% and biodiesel 93%). Among current food-based biofuels, soybean biodiesel has major advantages over corn grain ethanol. The authors state that dedicating all U.S. corn and soybean production to biofuels would meet only 12% of gasoline demand and 6% of diesel demand.
Their analyses of ethanol and biodiesel suggest that, in general, biofuels would provide greater benefits if their biomass feedstocks were producible with low agricultural input (less fertilizers, pesticides and energy), were producible on land with low agricultural value, and required low-input energy to convert feedstocks to biofuel. Nonfood feedstocks offer advantages for these three energetic, environmental, and economic criteria. Switchgrass is introduced and with this grass a NEB may be >4.0.
Global demand for food is expected to double within the coming 50 years, and global demand for transportation fuels is expected to increase even more rapidly. Energy conservation and biofuels that are nor food-based are likely to be of far greater importance over the longer term. Biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol that can be produced on agriculturally marginal lands with minimal fertilizer, pesticide, and fossil energy inputs, or produced with agricultural residues, have potential to provide fuel supplies with greater environmental benefits than either petroleum of current food-based biofuels.
Feb 3rd.
Today I heard that Eneco has stopped funding research at the sustainable production of Jatropha in Tanzania. Of course I think it's a pity. There were a lot of opportunities for research at the sustainability of Jatropha production, in particular according to water.
On the other hand, this step of Eneco gives new prospects. I can keep my research completely independent. Links to other parties which were cut off at first, can possibly get a new chance. I'll keep you in touch!
Feb 6th.
I'm very happy to be involved in such a dynamic research. Last week I got a mail of Pol Knops of [[Bioshape|http://www.bioshape.nl]], who is busy with setting up a huge plantation in Tanzania. Today I had a meeting with him, and we discussed the problems Bioshape is coping with. Although the first cuttings are planted not even a year ago, the first seeds are already harvested. It was also nice to see that the roots from cuttings weren't that different from roots from seedlings. I'll try to put some pictures online, if possible with rights etc.
Feb 20th.
The modelling process is steadily going on. Next week I am going to implement seasonal influences by means of Leaf Area Index (LAI) and probably also with potential evaporation. The current model structure can be found under [[data analysis]].
Feb 23th.
Today I started a [[guestbook|http://users3.smartgb.com/g/g.php?a=s&i=g35-49036-f0]] so you can give any comments on my research or website. You're invited to leave a message!
Biofuels are currently in the picture. In January 2008, the European Union presented an integrated "Climate Action" proposal. This includes a draft directive that sets an overall binding target for the EU of 20% renewable energy by 2020 and a 10% minimum target for agrofuel use in the transport sector by 2020 (EC, 2008). This directive, together with other political regulations, will enhance intensive, large-scale biofuel production. However there are a lot of unknowns about the hydrological impacts of this biofuel production. Conversion from forest or savanna to agricultural land for the production of Jatropha comes together with severe changes in the hydrogical cycle (Stefan Uhlenbrook, 2007). The claims currently put on JCL need to be investigated.
What can be called biofuel and what not? And is JCL a first- or second-generation biofuel? Has the cultivation of JCL much to do with intensive agriculture? Answers to this questions can be found in this chapter.
![[What are biofuels?]]
![[Jatropha Curcas|JCL]]
![[Food security]]
![[Energy security]]
![[Water security]]
Runge, CF, Senauer, B 2007, //How biofuels could starve the poor//, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2007
''summary''
With rising oil prices and growing demand for ethanol as an alternative fuel, US corn producers anticipate a huge boost in profitability. Any spike in corn prices caused by increasing ethanol consumption, however, could devastate the developing world. Billions of impoverished people depend on corn and other staples for their caloric intake, but higher corn prices would decrease affordability of basic foods. Adding to the complications: The biofuel industry is dominated not by market forces but by politics and the interests of a few large companies. As corn growers in the developed world receive hefty subsidies from their governments, counterparts in the developing world become less competitive in the global market. Political and corporate interests have also diverted funds away from investment in more efficient and environmentally-friendly sources of ethanol, more sustainable options in the long run. As C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer argue, the US government should commit to increasing energy and agricultural efficiency, promoting alternative sources of energy instead of catering to industry.
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!!Description
Jatropha Curcas Linnaeus (also called physic nut) is a large shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall and has a life expectancy of about 50 years. It has its origin in South America but now has a pantropical distribution. The plant develops a deep taproot and initially four shallow lateral roots. Normally JCL flowers only once a year during the rainy season. In permanently humid regions or under irrigated conditions JCL flowers almost throughout the year (Joachim Heller, 1996). The seeds become mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow. All plant components contain toxic elements, mainly phorbol esters (Jongschaap, 2007).
Different parts of the JCL plant can be exploited. The seeds are used as biofuel, fertilizer and for soap production. The leaves and latex from the plant are used as medicine or as anti-flammatory substance. On overview of functions for the different part of the JCL plant is given in figure B3.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3009/2885066894_e2466b4bfb.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure B3: Exploitation of JCL components (Jongschaap, 2007)//
!!Oil extraction and production of biodiesel
For the production of biodiesel, the oil contained in the seeds has to be expelled or extracted. This can be done mechanically or chemically. Prior to oil extraction the JCL seeds have to be dried. Seed can be dried in the oven (105°C) or sun dried (3 weeks). For mechanical extraction of the oil from the seed, either a manual ram press or an engine driven screw press can be used (Achten, 2008). Henning stated that engine driven screw presses extract 75-80% of the available oil, while the manual ram presses only achieved 60-65% (Henning, 2003). Quite some chemical extraction methods are available, of which the n-hexane method is the most common one. A good overview of different extraction methods, together with reaction temperature, pH, time consumption and oil yield is given by Achten (Achten, 2008).
Vegetable oil from JCL can be used as base for liquid engine fuel in various ways (straight vegetable oil, oil blends, pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, transesterification). JCL oil is mainly used for the production of biodiesel, typically using a process called transesterification or alcoholysis. Vegetal oil, also known as triglycerides, is a mixture of fatty acid triesters of glycerol. In the triglycerides alkyl chains of JCL oil, predominate the palmitic, oleic and linoleic fatty acids. The process usually used to convert these triglycerides to biodiesel is called transesterification. The overall process is a sequence of three equivalent, consecutive and reversible reactions, in which di- and monoglycerides are formed as intermediates (Om Tapanes, 2008). The transesterification process with inputs and outputs is schematised in figure B4.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3017/2885194182_bf9c35bc9d.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure B4: The transesterification process (Jongschaap, 2007)//
!!Use of Jatropha oil
In figure B3 can already be seen which parts of the JCL plant are exploited and the different functions. The JCL oil is however often regarded as most important and has various uses. Apart from its use as a liquid fuel, the oil has been used to produce soap and pesticides. The oil can be directly used in older diesel engines or new big motors running at constant speed (e.g. pumps, generators). Blending with fossil diesel and/or other fossil fuels belongs to the options as well. The oil can also be transesterified into JCL (m)ethyl esters that can be used in conventional diesel engines or diesel engines with adapted parameters (Achten, 2008).
Jan 22nd
Today I had a meeting with someone of the prize-giving jury and Students4Sustainability. We evaluated the first months and looked forward to the next steps. The most interesting part will be the communication of the final conclusions to the local farmers. The second half of the prize money is meant for this purpose. S4S can maybe help with this part, because they have a network of many students, partly with similar projects.
Jan 15th.
Today I had a meeting with my daily supervisor Thom Boogaard and my professor Huub Savenije. It is desired to link the transpiration data to the rainfall data. This will be done via the soil moisture storage with simple relations. Together we decided to firstly make a simple conceptual model in Excel and not in Matlab. I'll try to put a picture of the model structure online soon.
Jan 1st.
Happy new year everybody! I wish all the best for you in 2009 and hope that this year will be with more and more attention to sustainable development.
From now on, I want to put some more efforts in this site about my research. Because this MSc-research is quite dynamic and involves communication with many people, I think it's worthwhile to give it some more attention than before. Let me know what you think about it!
Jatropha is a crop that currently got a lot of attention because of the discussion on biofuels. It has several advantages;
*because the plant is toxic, it's a non-food crop and thus 2nd generation biofuel;
*nut is multifunctional (e.g. biodiesel, soap, medicines);
*the plant reduces erosion because of the deep roots;
*it's suitability for intercropping;
*the residue after pressing of the oil is useful as fertilizer.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3270/2885066994_c841ef7da3.jpg?v=0]]
//Jatropha Curcas, photo by Reinhard Henning//
For the treatment and usage of JCL oil (either Pure Plant Oil (PPO) or biodiesel), the JCL trees need to be cultivated. This is roughly possible in three ways, firstly by means of large-scale plantations for JCL only, secondly by means of intercropping of JCL with other species, and thirdly by means of hedges.
![[Site requirements]]
![[Propagation and plantation establishment]]
![[Tending practices]]
Already two months ago I updated the site for the last time. But it had a reason, I was writing my final thesis.
I am happy to announce my final MSc-presentation at ''Tuesday June 30^^th^^, 2009 at 4pm''. It will be held in the building of civil engineering of Delft University of Technology.
[img[http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2462/3628164879_2ee61a6bed.jpg?v=0]]
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MSc stands for Master of Science and is a degree one receives after graduating from university.
Research on Jatropha is a little difficult because this plant only grows to maturity in four years. Biofuels and Jatropha are a hype since several years, and thus few research is done on plants or plantations older then two years.
Within my research I try to investigate the relation between the input of water and the yield of Jatropha. I try to give an answer on the following research questions:
# Which parts of the rainbow of water (Savenije, 2000) are most affected by the cultivation of JCL on marginal soils?
# Which soil parameters are most affected by the cultivation of JCL on marginal soils?
[[news]]
[[preface]]
[[introduction]]
[[Jatropha|From biofuels to Jatropha]]
[[cultivation|Jatropha cultivation]]
[[basic hydrology]]
[[case-study SA]]
[[world-wide]]
[[conclusions]]
[[literature]]
[[links]]
March 18th
Today Jatropha was again in the Dutch newspaper. Boeing announced that Jatropha would be a very good and sustainable alternative for kerosine fuel. The article in the Volkskrant can be read [[here|http://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/article1166002.ece/Boeing_snel_biobrandstof_in_vliegtuigen]].
The conceptual model is steadily improving. The new version of the model concept I will put online next week. Besides, I had a very good meeting in Leuven with Wouter Achten and Wouter Maes from the local university. They are part of the Forest Ecology and Management Research group that works on a project called [[Biotropha|http://www.biw.kuleuven.be/LBH/LBNL/forecoman/eng/projbeschrijving.asp?n=26]]. The main purpose of this project is the Life Cycle Analysis of Jatropha, but also plant physiological aspects are adressed.
A main outcome of our chat was that it will be very difficult to find a Jatropha plot in India or Tanzania where the yield together with the soil moisture and/or transpiration is monitored. So I'll focus on the model with the data from CSIR in Pietermaritzburg.
A good start for my research was the literature research. Numerous papers are written about Jatropha, especially in the last five years. However, very little is known about the water use of Jatropha Curcas. My findings about cultivation methods and functions of the plant can be found via the subjects in the menu at your right.
JCL can be propagated by generative (direct seeding or precultivated seedlings) and vegetative (direct planting of cuttings) methods. The crop shows high initial establishment success and survival. For quick establishment of living fences and plantations for erosion control, direct planting of cuttings is considered easier, although the plants propagated from cuttings do not develop a taproot. These plants only develop thin roots that do not grow deep into the soil, which makes the plants more susceptible to uprooting by wind. In agroforestry and intercropping systems direct seeding should be preferred over pre-cultivated JCL plants, as the taproot of directly seeded plants is believed to penetrate in deeper soil layers where it can assess extra nutrient resources and where it competes less with the roots of the other crops. If early seed yields are to be achieved, direct planting of cuttings can be used as well. Preferable length and age of these cuttings can be found in various articles (Achten, 2008).
Direct seed sowing is recommended at the beginning of the rainy season, when using generative propagation. If this is done after the first rains when soil is wet, the plant will utilise moisture conserved deep in the soil because it will develop a healthy taproot system (Gour, 2006). Precultivation of seeds can be done in different ways, e.g. in polythene bags or in seed beds. In the nursery, seeds should be sown 3 months before the rainy season in a soil with a high concentration of organic material. Pre-soaking in cow-dung slurry or cold water also enhance germination.
Plantations can be specific for JCL or together with other crops in the form of intercropping. The main reason for intercropping is income during the first years after initializing the plantation in which the seed yield is low. Other advantages of intercropping are weed control, shading, supply of organic matter and the availability of nutrients from deeper soils.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3143/2884232625_d241290774.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure J1: Normal JCL plantation (Photo by Lode Messemaker, 2008)//
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3241/2884232593_68324a79ea.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure J2: JCL plantation with intercropping (from JAGS)//
Spacing of seeds has major impact on yield and soil properties. Experiments are done with spacing of 1x1m (10.000 plants ha^^-1^^), 2x1m (5.000 plants ha^^-1^^), 1,5x1,5m (4.444 plants ha^^-1^^), 2x2m (2.500 plants ha^^-1^^) and 3x2m (1.666 plants ha^^-1^^). The Jatropha Handbook advises a grid of 3x3m, since a more dense vegetation affects seed production (Adriaans, 2006). Usual spacing for intercropping practices is 5x2m or 6x6m. An experiment done by Chaudhary et al. indicates that as plant spacing increace, the soil N availability also increased significantly (Chaudhary, 2007).
Field preparation for oil production plantations mainly consists of land clearing and preparation of the planting pits for the pre-cultivated plants. Although planting can be done without any clearing, for oil production purposes it is advisable to clear the land at least partially. Ploughing the field belongs to the possibilities as well (Gour, 2006). Available soil depth should at least be 45cm for the seedlings to survive.
Sept 1st.
BIG news! Today I heard that I won the Sustainable Development Competition 2008! Really a great opportunity to enhance my research and to give it an extra dimension. With the prize comes an amount of €10.000,- which I must spend on the research (travel, accommodation and equipment) and follow-up.
[[Here|http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=0e09ce33-e207-441b-b44a-843a0f2d4cc0&lang=en]] you can find more info about the prize and the research.
JCL is highly adaptable to different ecological conditions. It is well adapted to semi-arid and arid conditions and its occurrence has been observed in a annual rainfall range between 250 and 3000 mm. In Nicaragua, it can grow from sea level up to 1800 m. (Foidl, 1996) The plant is not sensitive to day length, however is not resistant to frost. JCL can grow in various soil types. Sandy or silty soils are preferable since the root formation isn't hampered. In heavy clays or vertisols JCL cannot grow (Heller, 1996). Depth of the soil should be at least 45 cm and surface slope should not exceed 30°C (Achten, 2008). JCL has low nutritional requirements, but for a high biomass production the crop needs sufficient nitrogen and phosporus.
Often it is stated that JCL can grow easily on waste land. This is however a wrong statement. The term 'waste land' is sometimes used to indicate unoccupied areas, thus areas that aren't used for a specific function or where land ownership is not clear. This has thus nothing to do with soil fertility. Marginal lands or marginal soils on the contrary are used to indicate areas with unsuitable conditions for crop production due to soil and climate constraints (Jongschaap, 2007). This is thus the better definition for the mentioned land.
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Besides propagation and spacing the harvest can be increased by several tending practices. Other management and cultivation activities are pruning, fertilisation and irrigation.
!!Pruning
Experiments reveal that pruning the main branch at 30-45cm height -depending on the growth rate- is ideal. At the end of the first year, the secondary and tertiary branches should be pinched or pruned to induce more branches. During the second year each side branch should be pruned up to two-thirds of the top portion, retaining one-third of the branches on the plant. Pruning should be done in the dry or winter period after the trees have shed their leaves. This will result in a lower and wider tree shape, induce earlier seed production and facilitate manual harvesting. Once every 10 years, the entire plant has to be cut low, leaving a stump of 45 cm. The re-growth will be quick and the trees will start yielding again within about 1 year. This intervention will induce new growth and help to stabilize the yield (Gour, 2006).
!!Irrigation and fertilisation
JCL is stated to stand for long periods without water -up to 2 years- and then grow again when rains occur again (Sharma, 2007). For large scale JCL plantations in dry areas, plants must be grown in the nursery with optimum input material and proper irrigation. After 3,5 to 4 month old, well nursed plants should be transferred on the field in proper pit size and optimum manure quantity depending upon the soil conditions and planting period of the plantation. Freshly planted seedlings require irrigation especially during the first 2-3 months for good survival. The requirement of water is contingent upon local soil and climatic conditions. The stage of fertigation should be matched with the time of irrigation. During the dry period, the life saving irrigation may be given with time interval depending on the requirement (Sharma, 2007). With one rainy season per year, there will be only one annual fruiting; for irrigated crops, up to three fruitings can occur each year.
!!Plant diseases
JCL currently seems to have little difficulty with diseases and pests. There might be a number of reasons for this, such as its inherent toxicity for many species, its variation in genetic material and its spread occurrence in the landscape. However, in monoculture some problems might occur. An overview of pests and diseases observed on JCL plants by different authors can be found in the thesis of Heller (Heller, 1996).
!!Seed yield
Despite numerous projects investigating the use of Jatropha plantations for various purposes in several countries, reliable scientific data on its agronomy are currently lacking. There is considerable scope for the development of technology to optimize production. As Jatropha is still a wild plant, careful selection and improvement of suitable germplasm is necessary before mass-production can be realised. Comprehensive research and experimentation is also needed to calculate input/output balances of plantations in different climate/soil conditions in order to estimate long-term productivity under different conditions. Jatropha exhibits great variability in productivity between individual plants. Thus, annual seed production per plant can range from about 200 g to more than 2 kg. Decline in productivity has been reported as plantations age (Openshaw, 2000).
Mycorrhiza (a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant) can increase the biomass and seed production with 30% after seven months (Achten, 2008).
This website is a tiddly website. One can navigate through the website my clicking on the hyperlinks or by clicking on the main topics shown on the left.
There are basically three different types of links:
- Intern links shown in Bold (e.g. [[Jatropha]])
- External links shown as underlined non bold text, (e.g. [[TiddlyWiki|http://www.tiddlywiki.com/]])
- Non existing links (e.g. [[ThisLinkDoesNotExist]])
By clicking on the latter, a new frame will popup without any content. Please close the window; only editors can edit these windows.
/***
Contains the stuff you need to use Tiddlyspot
Note you must also have UploadPlugin installed
***/
//{{{
// edit this if you are migrating sites or retrofitting an existing TW
config.tiddlyspotSiteId = 'jatropha';
// make it so you can by default see edit controls via http
config.options.chkHttpReadOnly = false;
window.readOnly = false; // make sure of it (for tw 2.2)
window.showBackstage = true; // show backstage too
// disable autosave in d3
if (window.location.protocol != "file:")
config.options.chkGTDLazyAutoSave = false;
// tweak shadow tiddlers to add upload button, password entry box etc
with (config.shadowTiddlers) {
SiteUrl = 'http://'+config.tiddlyspotSiteId+'.tiddlyspot.com';
SideBarOptions = SideBarOptions.replace(/(<<saveChanges>>)/,"$1<<tiddler TspotSidebar>>");
OptionsPanel = OptionsPanel.replace(/^/,"<<tiddler TspotOptions>>");
DefaultTiddlers = DefaultTiddlers.replace(/^/,"[[WelcomeToTiddlyspot]] ");
MainMenu = MainMenu.replace(/^/,"[[WelcomeToTiddlyspot]] ");
}
// create some shadow tiddler content
merge(config.shadowTiddlers,{
'WelcomeToTiddlyspot':[
"This document is a ~TiddlyWiki from tiddlyspot.com. A ~TiddlyWiki is an electronic notebook that is great for managing todo lists, personal information, and all sorts of things.",
"",
"@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //What now?// @@ Before you can save any changes, you need to enter your password in the form below. Then configure privacy and other site settings at your [[control panel|http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/controlpanel]] (your control panel username is //" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + "//).",
"<<tiddler TspotControls>>",
"See also GettingStarted.",
"",
"@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Working online// @@ You can edit this ~TiddlyWiki right now, and save your changes using the \"save to web\" button in the column on the right.",
"",
"@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Working offline// @@ A fully functioning copy of this ~TiddlyWiki can be saved onto your hard drive or USB stick. You can make changes and save them locally without being connected to the Internet. When you're ready to sync up again, just click \"upload\" and your ~TiddlyWiki will be saved back to tiddlyspot.com.",
"",
"@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Help!// @@ Find out more about ~TiddlyWiki at [[TiddlyWiki.com|http://tiddlywiki.com]]. Also visit [[TiddlyWiki Guides|http://tiddlywikiguides.org]] for documentation on learning and using ~TiddlyWiki. New users are especially welcome on the [[TiddlyWiki mailing list|http://groups.google.com/group/TiddlyWiki]], which is an excellent place to ask questions and get help. If you have a tiddlyspot related problem email [[tiddlyspot support|mailto:support@tiddlyspot.com]].",
"",
"@@font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;color:#444; //Enjoy :)// @@ We hope you like using your tiddlyspot.com site. Please email [[feedback@tiddlyspot.com|mailto:feedback@tiddlyspot.com]] with any comments or suggestions."
].join("\n"),
'TspotControls':[
"| tiddlyspot password:|<<option pasUploadPassword>>|",
"| site management:|<<upload http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi index.html . . " + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ">>//(requires tiddlyspot password)//<br>[[control panel|http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/controlpanel]], [[download (go offline)|http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/download]]|",
"| links:|[[tiddlyspot.com|http://tiddlyspot.com/]], [[FAQs|http://faq.tiddlyspot.com/]], [[announcements|http://announce.tiddlyspot.com/]], [[blog|http://tiddlyspot.com/blog/]], email [[support|mailto:support@tiddlyspot.com]] & [[feedback|mailto:feedback@tiddlyspot.com]], [[donate|http://tiddlyspot.com/?page=donate]]|"
].join("\n"),
'TspotSidebar':[
"<<upload http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi index.html . . " + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ">><html><a href='http://" + config.tiddlyspotSiteId + ".tiddlyspot.com/download' class='button'>download</a></html>"
].join("\n"),
'TspotOptions':[
"tiddlyspot password:",
"<<option pasUploadPassword>>",
""
].join("\n")
});
//}}}
| !date | !user | !location | !storeUrl | !uploadDir | !toFilename | !backupdir | !origin |
| 20/02/2009 17:28:11 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 23/02/2009 13:59:49 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 23/02/2009 17:30:43 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 18/03/2009 17:31:44 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 17/04/2009 14:42:07 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . | ok |
| 17/04/2009 16:54:58 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 17/04/2009 17:19:52 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 17/04/2009 17:20:45 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
| 15/06/2009 14:56:09 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . | ok |
| 15/06/2009 14:58:04 | Roel | [[/|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/]] | [[store.cgi|http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/store.cgi]] | . | [[index.html | http://jatropha.tiddlyspot.com/index.html]] | . |
/***
|''Name:''|PasswordOptionPlugin|
|''Description:''|Extends TiddlyWiki options with non encrypted password option.|
|''Version:''|1.0.2|
|''Date:''|Apr 19, 2007|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#PasswordOptionPlugin|
|''Author:''|BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info)|
|''License:''|[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D ]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.2.0 (Beta 5)|
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.PasswordOptionPlugin = {
major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 2,
date: new Date("Apr 19, 2007"),
source: 'http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#PasswordOptionPlugin',
author: 'BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info',
license: '[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D]]',
coreVersion: '2.2.0 (Beta 5)'
};
config.macros.option.passwordCheckboxLabel = "Save this password on this computer";
config.macros.option.passwordInputType = "password"; // password | text
setStylesheet(".pasOptionInput {width: 11em;}\n","passwordInputTypeStyle");
merge(config.macros.option.types, {
'pas': {
elementType: "input",
valueField: "value",
eventName: "onkeyup",
className: "pasOptionInput",
typeValue: config.macros.option.passwordInputType,
create: function(place,type,opt,className,desc) {
// password field
config.macros.option.genericCreate(place,'pas',opt,className,desc);
// checkbox linked with this password "save this password on this computer"
config.macros.option.genericCreate(place,'chk','chk'+opt,className,desc);
// text savePasswordCheckboxLabel
place.appendChild(document.createTextNode(config.macros.option.passwordCheckboxLabel));
},
onChange: config.macros.option.genericOnChange
}
});
merge(config.optionHandlers['chk'], {
get: function(name) {
// is there an option linked with this chk ?
var opt = name.substr(3);
if (config.options[opt])
saveOptionCookie(opt);
return config.options[name] ? "true" : "false";
}
});
merge(config.optionHandlers, {
'pas': {
get: function(name) {
if (config.options["chk"+name]) {
return encodeCookie(config.options[name].toString());
} else {
return "";
}
},
set: function(name,value) {config.options[name] = decodeCookie(value);}
}
});
// need to reload options to load passwordOptions
loadOptionsCookie();
/*
if (!config.options['pasPassword'])
config.options['pasPassword'] = '';
merge(config.optionsDesc,{
pasPassword: "Test password"
});
*/
//}}}
/***
|''Name:''|UploadPlugin|
|''Description:''|Save to web a TiddlyWiki|
|''Version:''|4.1.0|
|''Date:''|May 5, 2007|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#UploadPlugin|
|''Documentation:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#UploadPluginDoc|
|''Author:''|BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info)|
|''License:''|[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D ]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.2.0 (#3125)|
|''Requires:''|PasswordOptionPlugin|
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.UploadPlugin = {
major: 4, minor: 1, revision: 0,
date: new Date("May 5, 2007"),
source: 'http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#UploadPlugin',
author: 'BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info',
coreVersion: '2.2.0 (#3125)'
};
//
// Environment
//
if (!window.bidix) window.bidix = {}; // bidix namespace
bidix.debugMode = false; // true to activate both in Plugin and UploadService
//
// Upload Macro
//
config.macros.upload = {
// default values
defaultBackupDir: '', //no backup
defaultStoreScript: "store.php",
defaultToFilename: "index.html",
defaultUploadDir: ".",
authenticateUser: true // UploadService Authenticate User
};
config.macros.upload.label = {
promptOption: "Save and Upload this TiddlyWiki with UploadOptions",
promptParamMacro: "Save and Upload this TiddlyWiki in %0",
saveLabel: "save to web",
saveToDisk: "save to disk",
uploadLabel: "upload"
};
config.macros.upload.messages = {
noStoreUrl: "No store URL in parmeters or options",
usernameOrPasswordMissing: "Username or password missing"
};
config.macros.upload.handler = function(place,macroName,params) {
if (readOnly)
return;
var label;
if (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "http")
label = this.label.saveLabel;
else
label = this.label.uploadLabel;
var prompt;
if (params[0]) {
prompt = this.label.promptParamMacro.toString().format([this.destFile(params[0],
(params[1] ? params[1]:bidix.basename(window.location.toString())), params[3])]);
} else {
prompt = this.label.promptOption;
}
createTiddlyButton(place, label, prompt, function() {config.macros.upload.action(params);}, null, null, this.accessKey);
};
config.macros.upload.action = function(params)
{
// for missing macro parameter set value from options
var storeUrl = params[0] ? params[0] : config.options.txtUploadStoreUrl;
var toFilename = params[1] ? params[1] : config.options.txtUploadFilename;
var backupDir = params[2] ? params[2] : config.options.txtUploadBackupDir;
var uploadDir = params[3] ? params[3] : config.options.txtUploadDir;
var username = params[4] ? params[4] : config.options.txtUploadUserName;
var password = config.options.pasUploadPassword; // for security reason no password as macro parameter
// for still missing parameter set default value
if ((!storeUrl) && (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "http"))
storeUrl = bidix.dirname(document.location.toString())+'/'+config.macros.upload.defaultStoreScript;
if (storeUrl.substr(0,4) != "http")
storeUrl = bidix.dirname(document.location.toString()) +'/'+ storeUrl;
if (!toFilename)
toFilename = bidix.basename(window.location.toString());
if (!toFilename)
toFilename = config.macros.upload.defaultToFilename;
if (!uploadDir)
uploadDir = config.macros.upload.defaultUploadDir;
if (!backupDir)
backupDir = config.macros.upload.defaultBackupDir;
// report error if still missing
if (!storeUrl) {
alert(config.macros.upload.messages.noStoreUrl);
clearMessage();
return false;
}
if (config.macros.upload.authenticateUser && (!username || !password)) {
alert(config.macros.upload.messages.usernameOrPasswordMissing);
clearMessage();
return false;
}
bidix.upload.uploadChanges(false,null,storeUrl, toFilename, uploadDir, backupDir, username, password);
return false;
};
config.macros.upload.destFile = function(storeUrl, toFilename, uploadDir)
{
if (!storeUrl)
return null;
var dest = bidix.dirname(storeUrl);
if (uploadDir && uploadDir != '.')
dest = dest + '/' + uploadDir;
dest = dest + '/' + toFilename;
return dest;
};
//
// uploadOptions Macro
//
config.macros.uploadOptions = {
handler: function(place,macroName,params) {
var wizard = new Wizard();
wizard.createWizard(place,this.wizardTitle);
wizard.addStep(this.step1Title,this.step1Html);
var markList = wizard.getElement("markList");
var listWrapper = document.createElement("div");
markList.parentNode.insertBefore(listWrapper,markList);
wizard.setValue("listWrapper",listWrapper);
this.refreshOptions(listWrapper,false);
var uploadCaption;
if (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "http")
uploadCaption = config.macros.upload.label.saveLabel;
else
uploadCaption = config.macros.upload.label.uploadLabel;
wizard.setButtons([
{caption: uploadCaption, tooltip: config.macros.upload.label.promptOption,
onClick: config.macros.upload.action},
{caption: this.cancelButton, tooltip: this.cancelButtonPrompt, onClick: this.onCancel}
]);
},
refreshOptions: function(listWrapper) {
var uploadOpts = [
"txtUploadUserName",
"pasUploadPassword",
"txtUploadStoreUrl",
"txtUploadDir",
"txtUploadFilename",
"txtUploadBackupDir",
"chkUploadLog",
"txtUploadLogMaxLine",
]
var opts = [];
for(i=0; i<uploadOpts.length; i++) {
var opt = {};
opts.push()
opt.option = "";
n = uploadOpts[i];
opt.name = n;
opt.lowlight = !config.optionsDesc[n];
opt.description = opt.lowlight ? this.unknownDescription : config.optionsDesc[n];
opts.push(opt);
}
var listview = ListView.create(listWrapper,opts,this.listViewTemplate);
for(n=0; n<opts.length; n++) {
var type = opts[n].name.substr(0,3);
var h = config.macros.option.types[type];
if (h && h.create) {
h.create(opts[n].colElements['option'],type,opts[n].name,opts[n].name,"no");
}
}
},
onCancel: function(e)
{
backstage.switchTab(null);
return false;
},
wizardTitle: "Upload with options",
step1Title: "These options are saved in cookies in your browser",
step1Html: "<input type='hidden' name='markList'></input><br>",
cancelButton: "Cancel",
cancelButtonPrompt: "Cancel prompt",
listViewTemplate: {
columns: [
{name: 'Description', field: 'description', title: "Description", type: 'WikiText'},
{name: 'Option', field: 'option', title: "Option", type: 'String'},
{name: 'Name', field: 'name', title: "Name", type: 'String'}
],
rowClasses: [
{className: 'lowlight', field: 'lowlight'}
]}
}
//
// upload functions
//
if (!bidix.upload) bidix.upload = {};
if (!bidix.upload.messages) bidix.upload.messages = {
//from saving
invalidFileError: "The original file '%0' does not appear to be a valid TiddlyWiki",
backupSaved: "Backup saved",
backupFailed: "Failed to upload backup file",
rssSaved: "RSS feed uploaded",
rssFailed: "Failed to upload RSS feed file",
emptySaved: "Empty template uploaded",
emptyFailed: "Failed to upload empty template file",
mainSaved: "Main TiddlyWiki file uploaded",
mainFailed: "Failed to upload main TiddlyWiki file. Your changes have not been saved",
//specific upload
loadOriginalHttpPostError: "Can't get original file",
aboutToSaveOnHttpPost: 'About to upload on %0 ...',
storePhpNotFound: "The store script '%0' was not found."
};
bidix.upload.uploadChanges = function(onlyIfDirty,tiddlers,storeUrl,toFilename,uploadDir,backupDir,username,password)
{
var callback = function(status,uploadParams,original,url,xhr) {
if (!status) {
displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.loadOriginalHttpPostError);
return;
}
if (bidix.debugMode)
alert(original.substr(0,500)+"\n...");
// Locate the storeArea div's
var posDiv = locateStoreArea(original);
if((posDiv[0] == -1) || (posDiv[1] == -1)) {
alert(config.messages.invalidFileError.format([localPath]));
return;
}
bidix.upload.uploadRss(uploadParams,original,posDiv);
};
if(onlyIfDirty && !store.isDirty())
return;
clearMessage();
// save on localdisk ?
if (document.location.toString().substr(0,4) == "file") {
var path = document.location.toString();
var localPath = getLocalPath(path);
saveChanges();
}
// get original
var uploadParams = Array(storeUrl,toFilename,uploadDir,backupDir,username,password);
var originalPath = document.location.toString();
// If url is a directory : add index.html
if (originalPath.charAt(originalPath.length-1) == "/")
originalPath = originalPath + "index.html";
var dest = config.macros.upload.destFile(storeUrl,toFilename,uploadDir);
var log = new bidix.UploadLog();
log.startUpload(storeUrl, dest, uploadDir, backupDir);
displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.aboutToSaveOnHttpPost.format([dest]));
if (bidix.debugMode)
alert("about to execute Http - GET on "+originalPath);
var r = doHttp("GET",originalPath,null,null,null,null,callback,uploadParams,null);
if (typeof r == "string")
displayMessage(r);
return r;
};
bidix.upload.uploadRss = function(uploadParams,original,posDiv)
{
var callback = function(status,params,responseText,url,xhr) {
if(status) {
var destfile = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("destfile:")+9,responseText.indexOf("\n", responseText.indexOf("destfile:")));
displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.rssSaved,bidix.dirname(url)+'/'+destfile);
bidix.upload.uploadMain(params[0],params[1],params[2]);
} else {
displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.rssFailed);
}
};
// do uploadRss
if(config.options.chkGenerateAnRssFeed) {
var rssPath = uploadParams[1].substr(0,uploadParams[1].lastIndexOf(".")) + ".xml";
var rssUploadParams = Array(uploadParams[0],rssPath,uploadParams[2],'',uploadParams[4],uploadParams[5]);
bidix.upload.httpUpload(rssUploadParams,convertUnicodeToUTF8(generateRss()),callback,Array(uploadParams,original,posDiv));
} else {
bidix.upload.uploadMain(uploadParams,original,posDiv);
}
};
bidix.upload.uploadMain = function(uploadParams,original,posDiv)
{
var callback = function(status,params,responseText,url,xhr) {
var log = new bidix.UploadLog();
if(status) {
// if backupDir specified
if ((params[3]) && (responseText.indexOf("backupfile:") > -1)) {
var backupfile = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("backupfile:")+11,responseText.indexOf("\n", responseText.indexOf("backupfile:")));
displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.backupSaved,bidix.dirname(url)+'/'+backupfile);
}
var destfile = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("destfile:")+9,responseText.indexOf("\n", responseText.indexOf("destfile:")));
displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.mainSaved,bidix.dirname(url)+'/'+destfile);
store.setDirty(false);
log.endUpload("ok");
} else {
alert(bidix.upload.messages.mainFailed);
displayMessage(bidix.upload.messages.mainFailed);
log.endUpload("failed");
}
};
// do uploadMain
var revised = bidix.upload.updateOriginal(original,posDiv);
bidix.upload.httpUpload(uploadParams,revised,callback,uploadParams);
};
bidix.upload.httpUpload = function(uploadParams,data,callback,params)
{
var localCallback = function(status,params,responseText,url,xhr) {
url = (url.indexOf("nocache=") < 0 ? url : url.substring(0,url.indexOf("nocache=")-1));
if (xhr.status == httpStatus.NotFound)
alert(bidix.upload.messages.storePhpNotFound.format([url]));
if ((bidix.debugMode) || (responseText.indexOf("Debug mode") >= 0 )) {
alert(responseText);
if (responseText.indexOf("Debug mode") >= 0 )
responseText = responseText.substring(responseText.indexOf("\n\n")+2);
} else if (responseText.charAt(0) != '0')
alert(responseText);
if (responseText.charAt(0) != '0')
status = null;
callback(status,params,responseText,url,xhr);
};
// do httpUpload
var boundary = "---------------------------"+"AaB03x";
var uploadFormName = "UploadPlugin";
// compose headers data
var sheader = "";
sheader += "--" + boundary + "\r\nContent-disposition: form-data; name=\"";
sheader += uploadFormName +"\"\r\n\r\n";
sheader += "backupDir="+uploadParams[3] +
";user=" + uploadParams[4] +
";password=" + uploadParams[5] +
";uploaddir=" + uploadParams[2];
if (bidix.debugMode)
sheader += ";debug=1";
sheader += ";;\r\n";
sheader += "\r\n" + "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
sheader += "Content-disposition: form-data; name=\"userfile\"; filename=\""+uploadParams[1]+"\"\r\n";
sheader += "Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8" + "\r\n";
sheader += "Content-Length: " + data.length + "\r\n\r\n";
// compose trailer data
var strailer = new String();
strailer = "\r\n--" + boundary + "--\r\n";
data = sheader + data + strailer;
if (bidix.debugMode) alert("about to execute Http - POST on "+uploadParams[0]+"\n with \n"+data.substr(0,500)+ " ... ");
var r = doHttp("POST",uploadParams[0],data,"multipart/form-data; boundary="+boundary,uploadParams[4],uploadParams[5],localCallback,params,null);
if (typeof r == "string")
displayMessage(r);
return r;
};
// same as Saving's updateOriginal but without convertUnicodeToUTF8 calls
bidix.upload.updateOriginal = function(original, posDiv)
{
if (!posDiv)
posDiv = locateStoreArea(original);
if((posDiv[0] == -1) || (posDiv[1] == -1)) {
alert(config.messages.invalidFileError.format([localPath]));
return;
}
var revised = original.substr(0,posDiv[0] + startSaveArea.length) + "\n" +
store.allTiddlersAsHtml() + "\n" +
original.substr(posDiv[1]);
var newSiteTitle = getPageTitle().htmlEncode();
revised = revised.replaceChunk("<title"+">","</title"+">"," " + newSiteTitle + " ");
revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"PRE-HEAD","MarkupPreHead");
revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"POST-HEAD","MarkupPostHead");
revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"PRE-BODY","MarkupPreBody");
revised = updateMarkupBlock(revised,"POST-SCRIPT","MarkupPostBody");
return revised;
};
//
// UploadLog
//
// config.options.chkUploadLog :
// false : no logging
// true : logging
// config.options.txtUploadLogMaxLine :
// -1 : no limit
// 0 : no Log lines but UploadLog is still in place
// n : the last n lines are only kept
// NaN : no limit (-1)
bidix.UploadLog = function() {
if (!config.options.chkUploadLog)
return; // this.tiddler = null
this.tiddler = store.getTiddler("UploadLog");
if (!this.tiddler) {
this.tiddler = new Tiddler();
this.tiddler.title = "UploadLog";
this.tiddler.text = "| !date | !user | !location | !storeUrl | !uploadDir | !toFilename | !backupdir | !origin |";
this.tiddler.created = new Date();
this.tiddler.modifier = config.options.txtUserName;
this.tiddler.modified = new Date();
store.addTiddler(this.tiddler);
}
return this;
};
bidix.UploadLog.prototype.addText = function(text) {
if (!this.tiddler)
return;
// retrieve maxLine when we need it
var maxLine = parseInt(config.options.txtUploadLogMaxLine,10);
if (isNaN(maxLine))
maxLine = -1;
// add text
if (maxLine != 0)
this.tiddler.text = this.tiddler.text + text;
// Trunck to maxLine
if (maxLine >= 0) {
var textArray = this.tiddler.text.split('\n');
if (textArray.length > maxLine + 1)
textArray.splice(1,textArray.length-1-maxLine);
this.tiddler.text = textArray.join('\n');
}
// update tiddler fields
this.tiddler.modifier = config.options.txtUserName;
this.tiddler.modified = new Date();
store.addTiddler(this.tiddler);
// refresh and notifiy for immediate update
story.refreshTiddler(this.tiddler.title);
store.notify(this.tiddler.title, true);
};
bidix.UploadLog.prototype.startUpload = function(storeUrl, toFilename, uploadDir, backupDir) {
if (!this.tiddler)
return;
var now = new Date();
var text = "\n| ";
var filename = bidix.basename(document.location.toString());
if (!filename) filename = '/';
text += now.formatString("0DD/0MM/YYYY 0hh:0mm:0ss") +" | ";
text += config.options.txtUserName + " | ";
text += "[["+filename+"|"+location + "]] |";
text += " [[" + bidix.basename(storeUrl) + "|" + storeUrl + "]] | ";
text += uploadDir + " | ";
text += "[[" + bidix.basename(toFilename) + " | " +toFilename + "]] | ";
text += backupDir + " |";
this.addText(text);
};
bidix.UploadLog.prototype.endUpload = function(status) {
if (!this.tiddler)
return;
this.addText(" "+status+" |");
};
//
// Utilities
//
bidix.checkPlugin = function(plugin, major, minor, revision) {
var ext = version.extensions[plugin];
if (!
(ext &&
((ext.major > major) ||
((ext.major == major) && (ext.minor > minor)) ||
((ext.major == major) && (ext.minor == minor) && (ext.revision >= revision))))) {
// write error in PluginManager
if (pluginInfo)
pluginInfo.log.push("Requires " + plugin + " " + major + "." + minor + "." + revision);
eval(plugin); // generate an error : "Error: ReferenceError: xxxx is not defined"
}
};
bidix.dirname = function(filePath) {
if (!filePath)
return;
var lastpos;
if ((lastpos = filePath.lastIndexOf("/")) != -1) {
return filePath.substring(0, lastpos);
} else {
return filePath.substring(0, filePath.lastIndexOf("\\"));
}
};
bidix.basename = function(filePath) {
if (!filePath)
return;
var lastpos;
if ((lastpos = filePath.lastIndexOf("#")) != -1)
filePath = filePath.substring(0, lastpos);
if ((lastpos = filePath.lastIndexOf("/")) != -1) {
return filePath.substring(lastpos + 1);
} else
return filePath.substring(filePath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
};
bidix.initOption = function(name,value) {
if (!config.options[name])
config.options[name] = value;
};
//
// Initializations
//
// require PasswordOptionPlugin 1.0.1 or better
bidix.checkPlugin("PasswordOptionPlugin", 1, 0, 1);
// styleSheet
setStylesheet('.txtUploadStoreUrl, .txtUploadBackupDir, .txtUploadDir {width: 22em;}',"uploadPluginStyles");
//optionsDesc
merge(config.optionsDesc,{
txtUploadStoreUrl: "Url of the UploadService script (default: store.php)",
txtUploadFilename: "Filename of the uploaded file (default: in index.html)",
txtUploadDir: "Relative Directory where to store the file (default: . (downloadService directory))",
txtUploadBackupDir: "Relative Directory where to backup the file. If empty no backup. (default: ''(empty))",
txtUploadUserName: "Upload Username",
pasUploadPassword: "Upload Password",
chkUploadLog: "do Logging in UploadLog (default: true)",
txtUploadLogMaxLine: "Maximum of lines in UploadLog (default: 10)"
});
// Options Initializations
bidix.initOption('txtUploadStoreUrl','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadFilename','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadDir','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadBackupDir','');
bidix.initOption('txtUploadUserName','');
bidix.initOption('pasUploadPassword','');
bidix.initOption('chkUploadLog',true);
bidix.initOption('txtUploadLogMaxLine','10');
/* don't want this for tiddlyspot sites
// Backstage
merge(config.tasks,{
uploadOptions: {text: "upload", tooltip: "Change UploadOptions and Upload", content: '<<uploadOptions>>'}
});
config.backstageTasks.push("uploadOptions");
*/
//}}}
Welcome on this site about my research on water facts on [[Jatropha|JCL]] at TU Delft. On your left you can find the different subjects of my research, which are more or less the same as the chapters in my report. Through a mouseclick on the bold blue words, one can scroll to the website. I hope you enjoy it.
More info about Tiddly can be found [[here|TiddlyExplanation]].
Any questions or remarks about this research or wesite are welcome on the [[guestbook|http://users3.smartgb.com/g/g.php?a=s&i=g35-49036-f0]].
Biofuels are the liquid part of bioenergy in general. Bioenergy includes solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels, as well as electric power or chemical products derived from organic matter, whether directly from plants or indirectly from plant-derived industrial, commercial or urban wastes, or agricultural or forestry residues. Liquid biofuels include pure plant oil, biodiesel, and bioethanol. Biodiesel is based on esterification of plant oils. Ethanol is primarily derived from sugar, maize and other starchy crops. Global production of biofuels consists primarily of ethanol. Biodiesel comes second (UNDESA, 2007).
'First-generation biofuels' refer to biofuels made from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional technology (UN-Energy, 2007). 'Second-generation' biofuels use biomass to liquid technology, including cellulosic biofuels from non food crops. Recently, 'third-generation' biofuels are getting more and more in the picture. By third-generation, algae fuel is ment. An overview of first- and second-generation biofuel types, feedstock and production processes is given in figure below.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3074/2552655339_73ba0d12a1.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure B1: overview of biofuels and the feedstock and processes used in their production (source: EU Biofuels Research Advisory Council, 2006)//
The European Union considers biofuels as second generation biofuels if they are produced from a wider range of feedstock, do not compete with the food chain, and will help to reduce costs of “saved” CO~~2~~(EC, 2008). Jatropha does not compete directly with food and is therefore called a second-generation biofuel.
The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) made another classification, given in the figure below. The aim was to create a suitable framework for identifying the amount and type of bioenergy flowing from different supply sources to meet end-users’ needs. The 'unified bioenergy terminology' defines three types of biofuel, distinguished according to the primary production process: woodfuels, agrofuels and municipal by-products. On the supply (production) side, the groupings clearly identify the origin of biofuels. On the demand (product) side, the groupings distinguish different types of unprocessed and processed fuels which can be used for heat, electricity and power generation Thrän (2001).
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3026/2884232533_33c8d70ac8.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure B2: 'Unified bioenergy terminology' made by FAO (Thrän, 2001).
The optimal growth conditions for JCL are still not fully known, but the tree grows very well under sub-tropical conditions. This is why suitable project locations were sought in the coastal belt in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), in the southwestern part of South Africa. The coastal regions near Durban are warmer and wetter than the western coastal areas due to the influence of warm ocean currents flowing from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean near the coasts of South Africa (Van Ballegooyen et al., 1994). For the research, transpiration, soil moisture and climatic measurements had to be possible. An important constraint for the transpiration measurements was the stem diameter, which need to be approximately 10cm. Eventually, two sites were selected;
1. 4 year old trees at the Owen Sithole College of Agriculture (OSCA) near Empangeni;
2. 12 year old trees at a homestead in the Makhathini flats in northern KZN.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3354/3450337144_3a964b629e.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure S1: Location of the Jatropha study sites (Gush, 2008).//
In this model, only data from the OSCA-site is used.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3114/2884232425_7509452a87.jpg?v=0]]
//The rainbow of water (Savenije, 2008)//
Biofuels are the liquid part of bioenergy in general. Bioenergy includes solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels, as well as electric power or chemical products derived from organic matter, whether directly from plants or indirectly from plant-derived industrial, commercial or urban wastes, or agricultural or forestry residues . Liquid biofuels include pure plant oil, biodiesel, and bioethanol. Biodiesel is based on esterification of plant oils. Ethanol is primarily derived from sugar, maize and other starchy crops. Global production of biofuels consists primarily of ethanol. Biodiesel comes second.(UNDESA, 2007)
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3074/2552655339_73ba0d12a1.jpg?v=0]]
For Jatropha it is hard to define whether it is a first or second generation biofuel. The European Union considers biofuels as second generation biofuels if they are produced from a wider range of feedstock, do not compete with the food chain, and will help to reduce costs of “saved” CO2. (European Comission, 2008) Jatropha does not compete directly with food and is therefore also called an 1,5 generation biofuel. (Erik Heeres, 2008)
Because of the recent attention for Jatropha, only few long-term research has been done on this crop. One of the first hydrological research activities worldwide is conducted in South Africa. Before large-scale schemes for planting JCL are allowed, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) of South Africa wanted to know what the invasive impact of this crop would be. For this reason, the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) together with the Counsil of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) started in 2004 with a project called 'Investigation into the impacts of large-scale planting of Jatropha Curcas on water resources, through process-based research and modelling'. This was done because the effective management of commercially planted species in terms of water resources requires accurate data on generalised water use and bio-physical potential (Holl, 2007).
An important part of this project thus formed the water use assessment of JCL. The hydrological study mainly consisted of climate, transpiration and soil moisture measurements and analysis. Two appropriate test sites were chosen representing optimal growth conditions within South Africa. Main conclusions from this study were that;
* the transpiration rates were observed to be season-dependent due to the deciduous nature of JCL;
* transpiration rates are highly rainfall dependent, mainly as a reason of soil type;
* annual transpiration of 12-year old trees is more than twice as high as annual transpiration of 4-year old trees because of the increased leaf area;
* the water use of JCL trees is generally low.
However, the data series can be further analysed by means of modelling the local water balance. In this way the interactions between different processes are more explicitly shown. The hydrological measurements were taken in a relatively dry year, which has significant influence on the results, for instance the surface runoff. By means of a conceptual model of the local water balance, more insight is presented in the general hydrological processes related to JCL.
![[area description]]
![[measurements]]
![[model]]
![[results]]
![[discussion]]
corn (niet-telbaar zelfstandig naamwoord)
1 (Brits-Engels) ''graan''
koren
(in het bijzonder) tarwe
2 (Amerikaans-Engels) ''mais''
Turkse tarwe, Turks koren
context
corn on the cob
maiskolf, mais op / aan de kolf (als gekookt voedsel)
(slang) mondharmonica, mondorgel
3 (Iers-Engels; Schots-Engels) ''haver''
Bron: Van Dale Groot woordenboek Engels
versie 2.1 © Copyright 2006 Van Dale Lexicografie bv Utrecht/Antwerpen
Type the text for 'cultivation'
[img[conceptual model structure | http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3484/3295269302_fcb629ae22.jpg?v=0]]
Welcome on this site about Jatropha. This site is mainly about the MSc thesis of Roel Blesgraaf. This thesis is about the hydrological impacts of Jatropha. Everyone interested in Jatropha or biofuels is invited to add something.
[[Leave your comments here|http://users3.smartgb.com/g/g.php?a=s&i=g35-49036-f0]]
[[Delft University of Technology|http://www.tudelft.nl]]
[img[http://www.citg.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=7cc96563-e090-4799-8f4c-da21a080210e&lang=en&binary=/img/organigram.gif]]
[[The hydrology section at TU Delft|http://www.hydrology.citg.tudelft.nl]]
[[Students 4 Sustainability|http://www.students4sustainability.nl/]]
[[Colin Everson and Mark Gush from the CSIR in South Africa|http://www.csir.co.za/nre/coupled_land_water_and_marine_ecosystems/pdfs/SS_biodiesel.pdf]]
[[Jatropha Evaluation and Breeding Programme at Plant Research International|http://www.jatropha.wur.nl/]]
[[Fact Fuels|http://www.fact-fuels.org/]]
List of interesting papers on biofuels and Jatropha in particular (between brackets is the number of citations in Google Scholar):
[[Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels]] (116)
[[How biofuels could starve the poor]] (24)
----
!Literature
*Achten, W.M.J.; Verchot, L.; Franken, Y.J.; Mathijs, E.; Singh, V.P.; Aerts, R.; Muys, B.: 2008, 'Jatropha biodiesel production and use'. Biomass and bioenergy Article in press, unknown.
*Adriaans, T; Jongh, J. de; Moers, P.; Rijssenbeek, W.: 2006, 'Handbook on Jatropha Curcas'. Technical report, FACT Foundation.
*Chaudhary, D.R.; Patolia, J.S.; Ghosh, A.; Chikara, J.; Boricha, G.N.; Zala, A.: 2007, 'Changes in soil characteristics and foliage nutrient content in Jatropha curcas plantation in relation to stand density in Indian wasteland'. In: FACT seminar on Jatropha curcas L. agronomy and genetics.
*EC: 2008, 'Impact Assessment: Package of Implementation measures for the EU's
objectives on climate change and renewable energy for 2020'. Commission staff working document Directive 2003/87/EC, Commission of the European communities.
*ECC: 2006, 'Biofuels in the European Union: A vision for 2030 and beyond'. Technical
Report EUR 22066, European Commission Community research, EU Biofuels Research Advisory Council.
*Foidl, N.; Foidl, G.; Sanchez, M.; Mittelbach, M.; Hackel, S.: 1996, 'Jatropha Curcas L. as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua'. Bioresource Technology 58, 77-82.
*Francis, G.; Edinger, R.; Becker, K.: 2005, 'A concept for simultaneous wasteland reclamation, fuel production, and socio-economic development in degraded areas in India: Need, potential and perspectives of Jatropha plantations'. National Resources Forum 29, 1224.
*Gour, V.: 2006, 'Production practices including post harvest management of Jatropha
Curcas'. In: P. V. Singh B, Swaminathan R (ed.): Proceedings of the
biodiesel conference toward energy independence - focus on Jatropha. Hyderabad,
India, pp. p. 223-51.
*Heller, J.: 1996, 'Physic nut. Jatropha Curcas L. Promoting the conservation and
use of underutilized and neglected crops.'. Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Plant Genetics
and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben / International Plant Genetic Resources
Institute, Rome.
*Henning, R.: 2003, 'The Jatropha Booklet; A Guide to the Jatropha System and
its Dissemination in Africa'. Technical report, Bagani GbR, Rothkreuz 11, 88138
Weissensberg, Germany www.jatropha.org.
*Henning, R. K.: 2004, 'The Jatropha System. Integrated Rural Development by
Utilisation of Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) as Raw Material and as Renewable Energy'.
Technical report, Bagani, Rothkreuz 11 D-88138 Weissensberg, Germany
Tel: +49 8389 984129. Presentation of The Jatropha System at the Studientag:
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen erneuerbarer Energien in Tansania, Erfahrungen in
der Partnerschaftsarbeit. 24 April 2004 in Hamburg, Germany.
*Hoekstra, A.: 2003, 'Virtual water trade between nations: a global mechanism
affecting regional water systems'. IGBP Global Change News Letter 54, 2-4.
*Jongschaap, R.E.E.; Corré, W.J.; Bindraban, P.S.; Brandenburg, W.A.: 2007, 'Claims and facts on Jatropha Curcas L.'. Report 158, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
*Om Tapanes, N.C.; Gomes Aranda, D.A.; Mesquita Carneiro, J.W. de; Ceva Antunes, O.A.: 2008, 'Transesteri cation of Jatropha curcas oil glycerides: Theoretical and experimental studies of biodiesel reaction'. FUEL 87, 2286-2295.
*Openshaw, K.: 2000, 'A review of Jatropha Curcas: an oil plant of unful lled
promise'. Biomass and bioenergy 19, 1-15.
*Savenije, H.: 2000, 'Water Scarcity Indicators; the Deception of the Numbers'.
Physical Chemical Earth 25(3), 199-204.
*Savenije, H.H.G.; Luxemburg, W.M.J.; Boogaard, T.A.: 2008, 'Applied hydrology'. Technical report, Delft University of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, section
Hydrology.
*Sharma, N.: 2007, 'Agronomy: rainfall and irrigation'. In: FACT seminar on
Jatropha curcas L. agronomy and genetics. Wageningen.
*Thrän, D.: 2001, 'Wood energy terminology, information, statistics and standards'.
Technical report, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation.
*Uhlenbrook, S.: 2007, 'Biofuel and water cycle dynamics: what are the related
challenges for hydrological process research?'. Hydrological Processes 21, 3647-3650. Invited commentary.
*UN-Energy: 2007, 'Sustainable Bioenergy: A Framework for Decision Makers'.
Technical report, UN-Energy.
*UNDESA: 2007, 'Small-Scale Production and Use of Liquid Biofuels in Sub-Saharan
Africa: Perspectives for Sustainable Development'. Background paper No. 2,
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable
Development, Energy and Transport Branch, Commission on Sustainable
Development, New York. Fifteenth Session.
The measurement campaign at the OSCA-site took place from February 2005 to June 2006. At this site, a weather station, Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) and Heat Pulse Velocity (HPV) equipment, WaterMark sensors, several multiplexers and loggers and a solar panel are installed (see figure S2).
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3639/3450337190_89ec6494f8.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure S2: Measurement equipment just after installation at the OSCA-site (from the CSIR courtesy, photo taken on 28-1-2005).//
The automatic weather station recorded rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and wind direction. These variables were continuously measured at 10-second intervals, and averaged or totalled at hourly intervals(Gush, 2007). Sap flow rates of two trees was measured by means of heat pulse velocity (HPV) technique. The heat ratio method (HRM) of operation applied in the HPV technique allows the measurement of very slow transpiration rates. Soil moisture measurements were made direcly beneath the Jatropha tree and at a grassland site. Because the solar panel was stolen in January 2006, 43 days of measurements from the weather station and the TDR equipment are missing. Missing data from the weather station were in-filled with daily data obtained from the website of the South African Sugercane Research Institute (SASRI - 'Empangeni' station). In figure S3 several meteorological variables from the OSCA-site are shown.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3399/3450337198_3f6508e24c.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure S3: Monthly values of meteorological variables recorded at the OSCA-site (Gush, 2008).//
!![[Transpiration data]]
!![[Soil moisture data]]
To gain more insight in the local water balance at the Jatropha plantation, a conceptual model is made from the data of the OSCA-site. This site was chosen because of the available soil moisture measurements. A model overview is given in figure S4. Time step is one day.
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3630/3449521159_6450254246.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure S4: model structure//
[[June 2009]]
[[April 2009]]
[[March 2009]]
[[February 2009]]
[[January 2009]]
[[December 2008]]
[[November 2008]]
[[October 2008]]
[[September 2008]]
[[August 2008]]
[[July 2008]]
[[June 2008]]
[[May 2008]]
[[April 2008]]
In December 2007, I saw a small news article in TU's Delta about the department of Watermanagement which signed a intentional research agreement with the energy company Eneco about the relative new biofuel called Jatropha Curcas L (JCL). That's where it all started. Soon I discovered that the subject of the Dispuut Watermanagement's symposium was going to be the geopolitical aspects of water and emerging biofuels. Stefan Uhlenbrook showed a lot of knowns and unknowns about biofuels in general and one of the promising biofuels in particular: Jatropha Curcas L. One of the main conclusions of this symposium, which was held on March 18, was that a lot of hydrological research is needed on biofuels to make good decisions about the implementation of these biofuels.
That's the reason for me to dive into the exciting world of biofuels for the coming months. While the cooperation between the TU Delft and Eneco still isn't settled yet, I will focus in my thesis on the hydrological impacts of Jatropha anyway. To be an active part of the dynamic world of biofuels, I decided to start and update this website of Jatropha in a kind of Wikipedia-format. Any questions or remarks about this research or report are welcome on the [[guestbook|http://users3.smartgb.com/g/g.php?a=s&i=g35-49036-f0]].
[img[http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3659/3450337404_82b3f2c786.jpg?v=0]]
//Figure S5: Modelled versus measured soil moisture in time.//
In figure S5 can be seen that the model has some problems with the rainfall events. The soil moisture in reality has a delay, while in the model there isn't. In October and November of 2005 the model significantly underestimates the soil moisture, while in May and June of 2006 the opposite takes place. This has probably to do with some kind of storage, which isn't filled up yet in spring (October - November) and is filled in autumn (April - June).
''bold''
//italic//
__underlined__
--strikethrough--
^^super^^script
~~sub~~script
@@highlighted@@
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* unordered list, level 1
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